In this study, we model changes to ecosystem and associated economic values across policy-relevant land-use change scenarios over the next 20 years within the PPR of North and South Dakota. This is accomplished by way of linking sound ecological field data and economic valuation within a single accounting metric. The study area was selected based on available scientific data and its unique and critical ecological makeup, as well as the region's vulnerability to future land-use change. Our analysis focuses on three ecosystem services; (1) carbon sequestration as it pertains to global climate regulation, (2) reduction in sedimentation relative to soil and water quality, and (3) waterfowl production in relation to the derived benefits associated with increases in duck populations. Biological and associated economic values are compared across three focal land uses found in the study region: (1) native prairie grasslands, (2) land enrolled in the CRP and WRP (CRP/WRP), and (3) cropland. Our study's findings provide insight into the impacts of the CRP/WRP and other conservation provisions that are currently in existence or up for consideration within the U.S. Farm Bill. Such accounting is critical to ensuring the continued funding of Federal conservation programs, as is required by the President's Budget and Performance Integration Initiative (Gleason et al., 2008). Importantly, this study will help determine economic and ecological tradeoffs in the PPR and the substitutability of retired croplands enrolled in conservation programs for native prairie grasslands that have experienced annual conversion rates approaching 3% in recent years (DU-EPF, 2009).