Another component of the coastal environment, which has been substantially affected by tourism in tropical and sub-tropical areas, is the clearing and dredging of mangroves and estuaries for marinas and resorts. Mangroves and estuarine environments are extremely significant nursery areas for a variety of fish species. The loss of natural habitat due to dredging or infilling may therefore have a dramatic impact on fish catches. In addition, there may be substantial impacts on the whole of the estuarine food chain with a subsequent loss of ecological diversity. A further consequence of mangrove loss is reduced protection against erosion of the shoreline thereby increasing vulnerability to storm surge. Removal of mangroves of course has not only impacted the immediate area of clearance, but has also affected other coastal areas through the transport of greater amounts of marine sediment [51]. Tourism development has been responsible for mangrove clearance in several countries including Australia, Hawai’i, Vanuatu, and Fiji. In the case of the Denarau Island resort development in Fiji, 130 ha of mangrove forest was dredged to construct an 18 hole golf course and create an artificial marina