Four types of lubricants were applied for the measurement; additive–free paraffinic mineral oil with three
viscosity grades (VG22, VG100, VG460), sulfur adding cold forging oil, dry-in-place, and bonderizing. Those
lubricants were applied to the billet and no lubrication was used on both the punch and the container. The billet and
the container were used at room temperature, and the range of temperatures of the punch was set between room
temperature and 623 K (350 ºC).