(C) The total number of BrdU-positive cells is quantified along with the number of BrdU-labeled cells at certain maturation stages from SPF mice treated (Abx treated) or not (SPF naive) with antibiotics (Abxs). Some mice were then given a fecal transplant (Abx + SPF transplant), and half the mice in each group was given access to a running wheel (darker bars, running +) for 4 weeks prior to analysis. The asterisk on the Abx + SPF transplant and Abx + running + SPF transplant show the significant differences compared to the Abx-treated group revealed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test (n = 10 per group; three independent experiments; two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni’s post hoc test, ∗∗p < 0.01 and ∗∗∗p < 0.001; F(5,576) = 185.67).
(D) The total numbers of BrdU-positive cells and NPCs (BrdU/Dxc/NeuN) and the resulting mature neurons (BrdU/NeuN) normalized after probiotic treatment are shown (n = 10 per group; two independent experiments; two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test, ∗∗∗p < 0.001; F(3, 304) = 164.25).