3.1.4. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
The XPS spectra of un-doped TiO
2
and three N-doped TiO
samples
are shownin Fig. 6. The surfaces of all N-dopedTiO
samples are
composed of titania, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon contaminants. No
nitrogen signal was detected in the un-doped TiO
sample whilst
weak nitrogen signals appeared in all N-doped TiO
2
samples. The
insets in Fig. 6 show enlarged N 1s peaks of the corresponding XPS
spectra. The intensities of the N 1s peaks of TiO
2
2
2
/DEA and TiO
/urea
were more pronounced than the weak intensities of TiO
/TEN.
The 401.3 eV binding energy of N 1s was detected in TiO
/DEA
only; 402.5 eV was detected in TiO
2
/DEA, TiO
2
/TEN and TiO
/urea;
406.1 eV was detected in TiO
2
/DEA and TiO
/urea; and 409.7 eV was
detected in TiO
2
2
/urea only. From previous works [10,16–21], typical
binding energies of less than 397.5 eV are assigned to TiN species
mostly in substitutional N, whilst N 1s peaks at binding energies
above 400 eV are usually attributed to NO or NO
, characteristic of
interstitial N. Thus, all N-doped TiO
2
2
obtained from this work are
classified as interstitial N-doped TiO
. The proposed structure of
this type of titania is described by the binding of a nitrogen atom
to an oxygen lattice in the environment of O–Ti–N and/or Ti–N–O,
2
2
2
2
2
2
3.1.4. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
The XPS spectra of un-doped TiO
2
and three N-doped TiO
samples
are shownin Fig. 6. The surfaces of all N-dopedTiO
samples are
composed of titania, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon contaminants. No
nitrogen signal was detected in the un-doped TiO
sample whilst
weak nitrogen signals appeared in all N-doped TiO
2
samples. The
insets in Fig. 6 show enlarged N 1s peaks of the corresponding XPS
spectra. The intensities of the N 1s peaks of TiO
2
2
2
/DEA and TiO
/urea
were more pronounced than the weak intensities of TiO
/TEN.
The 401.3 eV binding energy of N 1s was detected in TiO
/DEA
only; 402.5 eV was detected in TiO
2
/DEA, TiO
2
/TEN and TiO
/urea;
406.1 eV was detected in TiO
2
/DEA and TiO
/urea; and 409.7 eV was
detected in TiO
2
2
/urea only. From previous works [10,16–21], typical
binding energies of less than 397.5 eV are assigned to TiN species
mostly in substitutional N, whilst N 1s peaks at binding energies
above 400 eV are usually attributed to NO or NO
, characteristic of
interstitial N. Thus, all N-doped TiO
2
2
obtained from this work are
classified as interstitial N-doped TiO
. The proposed structure of
this type of titania is described by the binding of a nitrogen atom
to an oxygen lattice in the environment of O–Ti–N and/or Ti–N–O,
2
2
2
2
2
2
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