Generally speaking, the higher the authority, the more strin-gent planning control has been, and the more concentrated the landuse, particularly industrial land. In order to pursue more economicinterests, various industrial clusters have been founded, and orig-inal scattered TVE sites have been reserved. State-led top-downindustrialization and bottom-up rural industrialization coexist,leading to the mixed and fragmented landscape of residential andindustrial land.