Mobile-Cloud Computing Cloud to Device (C2D): In a C2D architecture, users connect their mobile devices to the cloud servers over the the Internet, where cloud applications are running inside the users’ mobile devices. Kim et al. present a
C2D approach that provides connectivity between the users’
‘Mobile Personal Grid’ (MPG) and cloud services [14]. In the MPG several mobile devices are connected with each
other to allow access to cloud applications. Another C2D architecture is MobiCloud, which builds a secure cloud framework for mobile computing and communications with the help of mobile devices [10]. This architecture addresses trust management, secure routing as well as risk management issues within the network combining mobile devices and the cloud computing applications. Unlike our work, MobiCloud requires a permanent Internet connection to access the cloud applications needed to build the framework. The mCloud [17] is a C2D architecture where mobile devices themselves become the core computing nodes. This architecture improves the hardware capabilities on mobile devices as well as helping to reduce the bandwidth usage. Verbelen et al.’s Cloudlet system allows users to access remote cloud services by using their mobile phones as a thin client connecting with the cloud server through the Web [21]. But again these C2D architectures are not well suited to the absence of WWANs.