A puzzling observation concerning the mechanism of action of neurotoxic PLA2s had been the lack of correlation between enzymatic activity in vitro and neurotoxicity in vivo and on nerve-muscle preparations. Such lack of correlation was particularly intriguing in the light of evidence that catalytic activity was required for the action of these toxins and that the products of phospholipids hydrolysis, particularly lysophospholipids were able to reproduce the action of b-neurotoxins at the nerve terminal. Cesare Montecucco and colleagues, at the University of Padova, addressed this complex issue in several publications using various b-neurotoxins of variable potency and quaternary structure. A relevant step forward in their studies was the use of granular neurons of the cerebellum in cell culture as a model to investigate the action of neurotoxic PLA2s. It was shown that b-neurotoxins induced well-defined bulgings in axon and dendrite terminals of these neurons, and demonstrated that such alteration was associated with increments in cytosolic Ca2þ levels (Rigoni et al., 2007). Taking advantage of this model, Paoli and colleagues investigated the extent and kinetics of phospholipids hydrolysis by notexin, textilotoxin, taipoxin and b-bungarotoxin in these cells using a sensitive mass spectrometry methodology.
An outstanding finding of this investigation was that these neurotoxins showed a comparable kinetics of lyso- phospholipid release, i.e. of enzymatic activity, in neurons, in contrast with the large differences in activity on phos- pholipids substrates in non-cellular in vitro assays. This observation blurred the apparent contradiction between the need of phospholipids hydrolysis to exert neurotoxicity and the lack of correlation between toxicity and PLA2 activity in vitro, since the four neurotoxins displayed rela- tively similar enzymatic activity on neuronal phospho- lipids. In addition, it was observed that the enzymatic activity of these PLA2s in cell membrane phospholipids was lower than that measured in vitro, thus suggesting a limited but effective hydrolysis of key phospholipids in the neuronal membrane. Secondly, the ratios of lysophospho- lipid derivatives of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl ethanolamine, in conjunction with the known distribution of these major phospholipids in the various types of membranes in neurons, showed that the majority of phospholipids hydrolysis occurs at the plasma membrane, which represents the main site of action of these b-neurotoxins. According to these findings, the key event in the action of these toxins is, consequently, the hydrolysis of phospholipids at the plasma membrane after binding to their target(s) in neurons. This study signifi- cantly clarified the scenario of the mechanism of action of neurotoxic PLA2s and provided a coherent explanation for the requirement of phospholipids hydrolysis in the onset of presynaptic neurotoxicity.
การสังเกตทำให้งงเกี่ยวกับกลไกในการดำเนินการของ neurotoxic PLA2s ได้ขาดความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างกิจกรรมเอนไซม์ในระบบการเพาะเลี้ยงและ neurotoxicity ในสัตว์ทดลอง และเตรียมเส้นประสาทกล้ามเนื้อ เช่นขาดความสัมพันธ์โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งน่านี้หลักฐานว่า ตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยากิจกรรมจำเป็นสำหรับการดำเนินการของสารพิษเหล่านี้ และว่า ผลิตภัณฑ์ของไฮโตรไลซ์ phospholipids, lysophospholipids โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งสามารถทำซ้ำการดำเนินการของ b-neurotoxins ที่หน้าเทอร์มินัลได้ Cesare Montecucco และเพื่อนร่วมงาน มหาวิทยาลัยปา ที่อยู่ปัญหานี้ซับซ้อนในสิ่งพิมพ์ต่าง ๆ ที่ใช้บี neurotoxins ต่าง ๆ รู้จักตัวแปรและโครงสร้าง quaternary ขั้นตอนที่เกี่ยวข้องไปในนักศึกษาได้ใช้เป็นรูปแบบการตรวจสอบการดำเนินการของ neurotoxic PLA2s neurons granular ของซีรีเบลลัมในงานเพาะเลี้ยงเซลล์ มันถูกแสดงว่า b neurotoxins เกิด bulgings โดยในเทอร์มินัลแอกซอนและเดนไดรต์ของ neurons เหล่านี้ และแสดงว่า แก้ไขดังกล่าวไม่เกี่ยวข้องกับการเพิ่มขึ้นในระดับ Ca2þ cytosolic (Rigoni et al., 2007) ประโยชน์ของแบบจำลองนี้ Paoli และเพื่อนร่วมงานสอบสวนขอบเขตและจลนพลศาสตร์ของไฮโตรไลซ์ phospholipids โดย notexin, textilotoxin, taipoxin และ bungarotoxin b ในเซลล์เหล่านี้โดยใช้วิธีสำคัญรเมทAn outstanding finding of this investigation was that these neurotoxins showed a comparable kinetics of lyso- phospholipid release, i.e. of enzymatic activity, in neurons, in contrast with the large differences in activity on phos- pholipids substrates in non-cellular in vitro assays. This observation blurred the apparent contradiction between the need of phospholipids hydrolysis to exert neurotoxicity and the lack of correlation between toxicity and PLA2 activity in vitro, since the four neurotoxins displayed rela- tively similar enzymatic activity on neuronal phospho- lipids. In addition, it was observed that the enzymatic activity of these PLA2s in cell membrane phospholipids was lower than that measured in vitro, thus suggesting a limited but effective hydrolysis of key phospholipids in the neuronal membrane. Secondly, the ratios of lysophospho- lipid derivatives of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl ethanolamine, in conjunction with the known distribution of these major phospholipids in the various types of membranes in neurons, showed that the majority of phospholipids hydrolysis occurs at the plasma membrane, which represents the main site of action of these b-neurotoxins. According to these findings, the key event in the action of these toxins is, consequently, the hydrolysis of phospholipids at the plasma membrane after binding to their target(s) in neurons. This study signifi- cantly clarified the scenario of the mechanism of action of neurotoxic PLA2s and provided a coherent explanation for the requirement of phospholipids hydrolysis in the onset of presynaptic neurotoxicity.
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