Study tools
Socio-demographic characteristics
Socio-demographic characteristics included general characteristics
such as age, sex, education, religion, residing with
spouse, number of household members, and occupation, as
well as medical conditions and health behaviors such as smoking and drinking. For medical conditions, past medical
history and comorbidity were measured. Comorbidity was
measured using the Charlson Comorbidity Index (Charlson
et al., 1987), which is designed to assess the level of risk by
using the number and severity of diseases. The higher the
score is, the greater the comorbidity.