Noise
Vehicle noise imposes disturbance and discomfort. Estimates of noise costs range from
0.2¢ to 5¢ per vehicle mile, depending on location and type of vehicle (Litman, 2009).
Noise costs are greatest in dense urban areas where exposure is greatest (i.e. people are
located close to roads).
Estimated Benefits: Noise reduction benefits from automobile travel shifted to
nonmotorized modes are estimated to average 3¢ per mile for urban-peak driving, 2¢ for
urban off-peak and 1¢ for rural driving.