The literature on welfare migra
tion has focused mainly on calculating the net fiscal burden of low-skill migration as a meas-
ure of the attitude of the native-born towards low-skill migration; see, for example, Smith and
Edmonston (1997), Auerbach and Oreopolus (1999), Barbone, Bontch-Osmolovsky and Zaidi
(2009), and Dustman, Frattini and Halls (2009).