1.1 Inequality in Thailand
During the past 30 years, Thailand has been remarkably successful in economic de-velopment. However, the negative impact of poverty reduction has yielded undesirable socio-economic outcomes. The most severe problem is the increase in income inequality. In 1996, the World Bank expressed concern that the Gini coefficient, which measures income inequal-ity, for Thailand rose from 48.5 to 53.6 in the period 1988-92. At present, inequality persists, making Thailand one of the most unequal countries in Asia. UNDP (2014) calculated the more comprehensive Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) and reported that inequality in income in Thailand is 34%, the highest amongst the countries with similar HDI. It is nearly twice as unequal asVietnam and over 10% more than the Philippines and East Asia and the Pacific, overall. The Bertelsmann Stiftung (2014) concluded that the large disparity in the distribution of wealth and the disparity of quality of education between the wealthy middle class and the lower classes (Thai-Lao and other ethnic groups), led to social injustice and the 2014 political turmoil.
Studies have suggested that poverty or low socio-economic status (SES) is usually the main factor in low academic achievement, which will affect employment and will work against poverty reduction (Save the Children Fund, 2014). Krashen (2011; 2013) cited evi-dences suggesting that poverty is a strong factor that can reduce children’s individual educa-tional efforts. He suggested that school and public libraries are crucial for thosechildren be-cause access to printed materials and free voluntary reading, or reading for pleasure, are two highly effective approaches to enhance literacy development amongst children in poverty.
1.1 Inequality in ThailandDuring the past 30 years, Thailand has been remarkably successful in economic de-velopment. However, the negative impact of poverty reduction has yielded undesirable socio-economic outcomes. The most severe problem is the increase in income inequality. In 1996, the World Bank expressed concern that the Gini coefficient, which measures income inequal-ity, for Thailand rose from 48.5 to 53.6 in the period 1988-92. At present, inequality persists, making Thailand one of the most unequal countries in Asia. UNDP (2014) calculated the more comprehensive Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) and reported that inequality in income in Thailand is 34%, the highest amongst the countries with similar HDI. It is nearly twice as unequal asVietnam and over 10% more than the Philippines and East Asia and the Pacific, overall. The Bertelsmann Stiftung (2014) concluded that the large disparity in the distribution of wealth and the disparity of quality of education between the wealthy middle class and the lower classes (Thai-Lao and other ethnic groups), led to social injustice and the 2014 political turmoil.Studies have suggested that poverty or low socio-economic status (SES) is usually the main factor in low academic achievement, which will affect employment and will work against poverty reduction (Save the Children Fund, 2014). Krashen (2011; 2013) cited evi-dences suggesting that poverty is a strong factor that can reduce children’s individual educa-tional efforts. He suggested that school and public libraries are crucial for thosechildren be-cause access to printed materials and free voluntary reading, or reading for pleasure, are two highly effective approaches to enhance literacy development amongst children in poverty.
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