Despite these limitations, Buddhist group therapy may be of benefit as an adjunctive treatment for patients with chronic illness rather than as a primary intervention. Further research, such as a randomized control trial and measurement of the direct effects of mindfulness, is needed. Sample selection on type, dose, and length of medication should be also taken into consideration. Finally, assessment of patients' prior experiences of practicing mindfulness as a baseline before conducting group assignment is necessary because prior experiences of practicing mindfulness could be a confounding factor.