Above- and below-ground biomass estimates for standing dead trees were conditional on decay class. For the above-ground biomass for decay classes 1 and 2, the same allometric equation used for live trees was applied to each standing dead tree, using a density of 0.69 g cm3 , as species and wood density were not recorded for dead trees, and it has been considered a reasonable estimate of large solid downed wood (Kauffman and Donato, 2012). These estimates were adjusted for the loss of leaves and branches by subtracting 2.5% and 15% of the biomass for classes 1 and 2, respectively (Kauffman and Donato, 2012). The above-ground biomass for class 3 standing dead trees was determined by applying the formula of the volume of a cone. Once volume was determined, the value was multiplied by wood density (0.69 g cm3 ) to determine biomass.