Furthermore, the windings in the motor(s) must be kept within the rating of the stator -insulation material. Without appropriate cooling the motor performance will decrease. However, with improved cooling, the motor can run at a higher efficiency due to decreased resistance losses in the windings. Currently, there are three paths that are used in vehicles to remove heat from the various systems to the ambient air. These include the ethylene-glycol/water internal combustion engine (ICE) cooling system (I05°C), transmission oil flowing through a separate cooler (85°C), and the passenger compartment AC refrigerant system (currently R I34a refrigerant at about 60°C).