Chloride ions are considered to be the major cause of
premature corrosion of steel reinforcement. They are common
in nature and small amounts are usually unintentionally
included in the mix ingredients of concrete. Dissolved chloride
ions may also penetrate unprotected hardened concrete in
structures exposed to marine environments or to deicing salts.
Chloride ions can be eliminated by a process known as
electrochemical chloride extraction (ECE). This process has