Summary 3
1.Have the major scientific goals of description, prediction, and understanding been met in this study.
2.a)what are the independent variable and the dependent variable in this study.
b) Identify the specific levels of the independent variable in this study.
3.were the levels of the independent variable manipulated or selected. Explain.
4.Evidence supporting a causal inference is obtained by establishing covariation of cause and effect, a time-order relationship with cause preceding effect, and the elimination of plausible alternative causes. In this study,(a) what specific evidence is provided regarding a causal relationship.(b) what evidence is not provided.