Five articles report aspects of research on the
HELP program. Two studies surveyed HELP
sites; 1 study was a descriptive study, and
1 was a prospective matching clinical trial.
One study followed a pre- and posttest design
of a HELP implementation. Sample sizes were
large, ranging from 852 patients in 1 study to
4763 patients in the largest study. Methods varied
widely . Bradley and colleagues
and Inouye and colleagues used
survey-style self-reporting by HELP administrators.
Inouye and colleagues and Rubin and colleagues
enrolled all qualified patients to HELP
within a given time period. Inouye and colleagues
used a prospective patient-matching
style for their clinical trial.