(1) Mobility
The most directly cited benefits are often gleaned from users of the bicycle facilities. These come in the
form of greater satisfaction of existing cycling (e.g., cyclists would be able to reach their destination
faster, safer, via a more attractive means). A major problem, however, is that existing information by
itself (e.g., ridership counts) cannot reliably shed light on this issue. For this reason, the different
transportation benefits for the user are best uncovered through stated preference surveys or experiments.
Since stated preference methods provide individuals with hypothetical situations, it becomes feasible to
analyze situations that are qualitatively different from the actual ones seen in practice (Bradley and Kroes
1990).
Because individuals respond to several different hypothetical choice situations offered to them, the
efficiency of data collection is improved; enough data is hence available to calculate functions describing
their preferences or utility. Against this backdrop, the disadvantage in stated preference methods is that
people may not always do what they say. Individuals’ stated preferences might not be similar to the
preferences they actually show (Wardman 1988). This arises because of the systematic bias in survey
responses or because of the difficulty in actually carrying out the posed task.
Two techniques used in stated preference analyses are contingent valuation and conjoint analysis. The
former is based on the premise that the best way to find out the value that an individual places on
something is known by asking. Like other non-market goods, the concept has been applied to wilderness,
open space, or even more specifically to greenways (Lindsey and Knaap 1999). The second stated
preference technique, conjoint analysis, applies designed of experiments to obtain the preferences of the
individual (customer). This market research technique can provide important information about new
product development, forecasting market segmentation and pricing decisions. In this case it would help
understand the type of cycling facilities that residents value. Conjoint analysis enables researchers to
calculate the value that people place on the attributes or features of products and services; the aim is to
assign specific values to the options that buyers look for when making a decision to use a good. It is a
highly respected technique to explore trade-offs to determine the combinations of attributes that satisfies
the consumer.
In these cases, an individual is provided a choice of alternatives; for example, the various travel routes by
which a particular travel destination can be reached. The choice of a particular mode is assumed to
depend on the relative attractiveness of the various travel options that the individual faces. These methods
use experimental procedures to obtain individuals preferences based on the individual’s evaluation of the
various options given. Typically, these experiments generally provide hypothetical travel scenarios to
obtain an individual’s preferences (Fowkes and Wardman 1988).
An important point is that stated preference surveys need to be stratified by audience: current users versus
potential users. For the former, current cyclists could be asked to respond to questions about factors that
would provide for a more attractive cycling environment through different types of environments or
facilities. It is necessary to have forced trade-offs so that a better environment might be coupled with
higher costs for bicycle storage or a higher travel time. This will allow one to value each component of
the user’s preference. These preferences can then be translated to economic benefits using consumer’s
surplus measures (Ben-Akiva and Lerman 1989) to determine, for example, the value of an off-road
bicycle facility for users of that facility.
For the latter category, potential users, it would be important to create scenarios based on constructed
markets, asking people to attach a value to a goods or services. This technique is applicable to quantify
the benefits that non-bicycling residents would accrue from a more desirable bicycling infrastructure. For
example, questions could ask what mode they would choose for work and non-work trips based on the
quality of the transportation environment, including auto, walk, transit, and bicycle travel. It would query
residents about the degree to which they perceive different bicycling services or how facilities will
improve the conditions of their commute, recreational activities, etc. By measuring how demand might
change, one can ascertain the preferences for current non-users, some of whom would become users if a
certain infrastructure package were constructed.
(1) MobilityThe most directly cited benefits are often gleaned from users of the bicycle facilities. These come in theform of greater satisfaction of existing cycling (e.g., cyclists would be able to reach their destination faster, safer, via a more attractive means). A major problem, however, is that existing information byitself (e.g., ridership counts) cannot reliably shed light on this issue. For this reason, the differenttransportation benefits for the user are best uncovered through stated preference surveys or experiments.Since stated preference methods provide individuals with hypothetical situations, it becomes feasible toanalyze situations that are qualitatively different from the actual ones seen in practice (Bradley and Kroes1990). Because individuals respond to several different hypothetical choice situations offered to them, theefficiency of data collection is improved; enough data is hence available to calculate functions describingtheir preferences or utility. Against this backdrop, the disadvantage in stated preference methods is thatpeople may not always do what they say. Individuals’ stated preferences might not be similar to thepreferences they actually show (Wardman 1988). This arises because of the systematic bias in surveyresponses or because of the difficulty in actually carrying out the posed task.Two techniques used in stated preference analyses are contingent valuation and conjoint analysis. Theformer is based on the premise that the best way to find out the value that an individual places onsomething is known by asking. Like other non-market goods, the concept has been applied to wilderness,open space, or even more specifically to greenways (Lindsey and Knaap 1999). The second statedpreference technique, conjoint analysis, applies designed of experiments to obtain the preferences of theindividual (customer). This market research technique can provide important information about newproduct development, forecasting market segmentation and pricing decisions. In this case it would helpunderstand the type of cycling facilities that residents value. Conjoint analysis enables researchers tocalculate the value that people place on the attributes or features of products and services; the aim is toassign specific values to the options that buyers look for when making a decision to use a good. It is ahighly respected technique to explore trade-offs to determine the combinations of attributes that satisfiesthe consumer. In these cases, an individual is provided a choice of alternatives; for example, the various travel routes bywhich a particular travel destination can be reached. The choice of a particular mode is assumed todepend on the relative attractiveness of the various travel options that the individual faces. These methodsuse experimental procedures to obtain individuals preferences based on the individual’s evaluation of thevarious options given. Typically, these experiments generally provide hypothetical travel scenarios to
obtain an individual’s preferences (Fowkes and Wardman 1988).
An important point is that stated preference surveys need to be stratified by audience: current users versus
potential users. For the former, current cyclists could be asked to respond to questions about factors that
would provide for a more attractive cycling environment through different types of environments or
facilities. It is necessary to have forced trade-offs so that a better environment might be coupled with
higher costs for bicycle storage or a higher travel time. This will allow one to value each component of
the user’s preference. These preferences can then be translated to economic benefits using consumer’s
surplus measures (Ben-Akiva and Lerman 1989) to determine, for example, the value of an off-road
bicycle facility for users of that facility.
For the latter category, potential users, it would be important to create scenarios based on constructed
markets, asking people to attach a value to a goods or services. This technique is applicable to quantify
the benefits that non-bicycling residents would accrue from a more desirable bicycling infrastructure. For
example, questions could ask what mode they would choose for work and non-work trips based on the
quality of the transportation environment, including auto, walk, transit, and bicycle travel. It would query
residents about the degree to which they perceive different bicycling services or how facilities will
improve the conditions of their commute, recreational activities, etc. By measuring how demand might
change, one can ascertain the preferences for current non-users, some of whom would become users if a
certain infrastructure package were constructed.
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