Finally, plausible strategies to reduce mislabeling in Italy and in the rest of the world are linked to strengthening trace ability systems by the adoption of a new detailed global label identifying seafood by a unique code which may allow consumers to track seafood uniquely. Labeling and certification are important parameters in a product strategy, especially when entering international trade. In addition to adhering to regulatory requirements in the importing countries, voluntary labels or certification enable producers and marketers of fish and fishery products to target specific segments of consumers, thus gaining a competitive advantage