Slide 5 : Theoretical and conceptual frameworks
- According to Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory, school age children 8 to 11 years old are
developing their cognitive ability in the concrete operational stage.
- Their reading ability improves from school experiences. If given an appropriately designed intervention
within their cognitive ability, school-age children are able to read and understand instructions.
- According to social cognitive theory, modeling intervention can benefit school age children by
observing the performance of others, especially if the model is similar to their ability, age, gender, and experiences.
- According to cognitive behavioral theory, anxiety is a fear-related affective emotion.
- When the experience of anxiety and fear is activated by stressors, coping processes, which depend on
cognitive activity, will determine coping strategies in attempting to master those stressors.
- The patterns of Thai child-rearing, health care tradition and other cultural traditions may direct
hospitalized Thai school age children to use inappropriate coping strategy to reduce their stressful experiences.
- They might be shy, afraid, anxious, or uncomfortable asking questions regarding their hospitalization
and surgery.
- Based on these concepts and theories, the PPPI was designed mainly focuses on supporting, guiding, and
encouraging hospitalized Thai school age children to use the appropriate ways in reducing anxiety and fear before surgery
- The cartoon coloring book, which was developed in both the English and Thai languages, was used to
conduct the intervention.
- Coloring the cartoon pictures during the waiting period for surgery distracted and helped the children
focus on the message that is based on the content.
- The levels of anxiety/fear were measured using the STAIC-R and CMFS-R in the Thai version.
- The State - Anxiety scale measures the transitory anxiety state that varies in intensity and fluctuates
overtime.
- The S-Anxiety scale consists of 19 items and each item asks children to indicate the degree to which
they are currently experiencing a particular moment in time.
- The Trait - Anxiety scale measures relatively stable individual differences in anxiety proneness.
- The Trait - Anxiety scale consists of 20 items.
- The Child Medical Fear Scale-Revised (CMFS-R) in Thai version is comprised of 18 items about
concerns and fears related to experiences involving illness and the health care system.