The rechargeable Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are now ubiquitous in an extensive array of portable consumer electronic appliances. The standard LIB setup operates
on the principle of reversible lithium (Li) insertion–extraction reaction, where the cathode material is LiCoO2 while the anode is made from graphite, for which the capacities are 148 and 372 mA h g21 respectively. This follows that the standard LIB capacity is, in principle, limited by the lower energy density of the cathode material. So as to enhance the capacity of LIBs, an alternative