The mechanism and rate of metal solidification.
◦ Risers to be placed and proportioned properly
◦ Crystallization pattern
◦ Shrinkage in volume
Heat transfer during solidification
◦ Risering
◦ Solidification time, structure
The flow of liquid metal
◦ Time, structure, metal quality, etc.
Stresses in metal
◦ Cracks
Gases in metals
Control of common elements: composition, production
Selection and control of melting furnaces
remind