Some recent advances in sampling and sample-preparation technologies
for fragrance analysis are addressed in this review. Procedures, such as
analytical distillation (vapor distillation and simultaneous distillationextraction),
headspace-manipulation methods (static and dynamic headspace
analysis and headspace solid-phase microextraction) and direct
extraction methods (such as liquid-liquid, solid-phase and supercritical
fluid), will be discussed and critically evaluated. Contemporary applications
of these techniques to the study of natural and synthetic aromas will
be presented.