-The flight crew's failure to adequately plan and execute the approach to runway 19 at SKCL and their inadequate use of automation.
-Failure of the flight crew to discontinue the approach into Cali, despite numerous cues alerting them of the inadvisability of continuing the approach;
-The lack of situational awareness of the flight crew regarding vertical navigation, proximity to terrain, and the relative location of critical radio aids;
-Failure of the flight crew to revert to basic radio navigation at the time when the FMS-assisted navigation became confusing and demanded an excessive workload in a critical phase of the flight.
-The flight crew's ongoing efforts to expedite their approach and landing in order to avoid potential delays.
-The flight crew's execution of the GPWS escape manoeuver while the speed brakes remained deployed.
-FMS logic that dropped all intermediate fixes from the display(s) in the event of execution of a direct routing.
-FMS-generated navigational information that used a different naming convention from that published in navigational charts.