The Indonesian government has maintained the market prices
of fossil fuels to enable all strata of society to easily procure this fuel.
However, this country is moving away from subsidies to standards
and labelling programs [16]. Starting from 2005, these programs
have successfully cut down exhaust emissions gases such as CO and
NOx and reduce CO2 emissions by 25%. Theoretically, fuel economy
standards and labels show the other side of vehicle efficiency that
are more powerful, more comfortable, faster and economical [17].
2. Motor vehicle
Road transport is the key element in the mobility of goods and
people [12]. Globally, road transport is the major oil consumer and
is one of the fastest growths of energy end consumer. This sector is
account for about 60% of world oil consumption and road transport
alone accounts for about 80% of the total consumption in transportation
sector. Transportation sector accounts for around 25% of
total world carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Within this sector, road
transport, accounting for 10% of global GHG emissions. Furthermore,
it is expected that the projected road vehicle energy use and
CO2 emissions would rise through to 2030 at an average of 1.4% and
1.3% per annum, respectively [10]. At the same year, the share of
the world’s population living in developing regions will likely reach
81%. As the International Energy Agency (IEA) reports, in developing
Asian countries, an average growth rate of 3% is projected
for energy use compared with 1.7% for the entire global economy.
Energy consumption in ASEAN is expected to increase from 200
million tons of oil equivalent (MTOE) in 2000 to approximately 580
MTOE in 2020 with the transportation sector experiencing the highest
growth in consumption of 5.1% annually, corresponding to an
equivalent growth in CO2 emissions. According to the projection,
this increase in regional demand will account almost 40% of the
world total [12,14,18,19]. Based on this estimated growth scenarios,
the ASEAN motorization levels (number of vehicles per 1000
people) will continue to be higher than India and China for the next
two decades as shown in Fig. 7 [12].
Fuel economy policies and measures will provide an opportunity
for policy makers to reduce fuel consumption, providing savings
for both importing and non-importing countries as well as contributing
to fuel security. Moreover, such policies and measures
will contribute in reducing CO2 emissions from the transport sector
[20].
2.1. Vehicle background
The numbers of diesel passenger car are increasing rapidly in
some European countries. In 2000, they made up in excess of 30%
of total passenger cars in France, Austria and Belgium. This trend is
expected to continue in the future, and in response, the EU has