This paper briefly reviews the evidence for multistore theories of memory and points out some difficulties with the approach. An alternative framework for human memory research is then outlined in terms of depth or levels of processing. Some current data and arguments are reexamined in the light of this alternative framework and implications for further research considered.
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This research was supported by Grants A8261 and A0355 from the National Research Council of Canada to the first and second author, respectively. We thank our colleagues who read a preliminary version of the paper and made many helpful suggestions.