In particular, the use of human urine can help achieve a ‘‘closed
loop fertility system’’ that can re-circulate nutrients from human
beings back to agricultural fields. The initial phase of this system
involves separating urine from the waste stream, keeping the
excrement dry and speeding up the decomposition of pathogens,
while the latter phase involves recovery of valuable nutrients from
the source separated urine [8]. Though extensive research has
already been carried out on urine diversion systems, studies on the
recovery of nutrients (urea) are relatively few; particularly
separation of urea from urine has not been adequately investigated
[9]. Although conventional methods such as reverse osmosis,
chemical precipitation, electro-chemical process and ion exchange
can be used for the removal of urea from urine, strict operating