The period of several days preceding this day was mildly disturbed. There was a minor magnetic storm during 28–29 December, with a minimum SYM-H value of 46 nT (not shown here). In Fig. 1a, the vertical dotted line indicates a southward turning of the IMF at 1457 UT on 30 December, which occurred in the recovery phase of the second minor storm with a minimum SYM-H of 36 nT (not shown here). Correspondingly, the direction of the IEF Ey changes from dawnward to duskward. The horizontal dashed lines are used to indicate the maximum and minimum values of the IMF/IEF. The IEF Ey changes from 1:97mVm1 (minimum) at 1457 UT to 3:12mVm1 (maximum) at
1536 UT, and the net increase of the IEF Ey is 5:09mVm1. Similarly, the ionospheric electric field changes from 0:17mVm1 at 1457 UT to 0:46 mVm1 at 1542 UT, and the net increase of the ionospheric electric field Ey is 0:63mVm1. We assume that near local noon, the variation of the
background ionospheric electric field is relatively small within a short interval. Therefore, the increase of the ionospheric electric field is assumed to be caused solely by the increase of the IEF. In other words, the increase of the ionospheric electric field is the penetration electric field.
The period of several days preceding this day was mildly disturbed. There was a minor magnetic storm during 28–29 December, with a minimum SYM-H value of 46 nT (not shown here). In Fig. 1a, the vertical dotted line indicates a southward turning of the IMF at 1457 UT on 30 December, which occurred in the recovery phase of the second minor storm with a minimum SYM-H of 36 nT (not shown here). Correspondingly, the direction of the IEF Ey changes from dawnward to duskward. The horizontal dashed lines are used to indicate the maximum and minimum values of the IMF/IEF. The IEF Ey changes from 1:97mVm1 (minimum) at 1457 UT to 3:12mVm1 (maximum) at1536 UT, and the net increase of the IEF Ey is 5:09mVm1. Similarly, the ionospheric electric field changes from 0:17mVm1 at 1457 UT to 0:46 mVm1 at 1542 UT, and the net increase of the ionospheric electric field Ey is 0:63mVm1. We assume that near local noon, the variation of thebackground ionospheric electric field is relatively small within a short interval. Therefore, the increase of the ionospheric electric field is assumed to be caused solely by the increase of the IEF. In other words, the increase of the ionospheric electric field is the penetration electric field.
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The period of several days preceding this day was mildly disturbed. There was a minor magnetic storm during 28–29 December, with a minimum SYM-H value of 46 nT (not shown here). In Fig. 1a, the vertical dotted line indicates a southward turning of the IMF at 1457 UT on 30 December, which occurred in the recovery phase of the second minor storm with a minimum SYM-H of 36 nT (not shown here). Correspondingly, the direction of the IEF Ey changes from dawnward to duskward. The horizontal dashed lines are used to indicate the maximum and minimum values of the IMF/IEF. The IEF Ey changes from 1:97mVm1 (minimum) at 1457 UT to 3:12mVm1 (maximum) at
1536 UT, and the net increase of the IEF Ey is 5:09mVm1. Similarly, the ionospheric electric field changes from 0:17mVm1 at 1457 UT to 0:46 mVm1 at 1542 UT, and the net increase of the ionospheric electric field Ey is 0:63mVm1. We assume that near local noon, the variation of the
background ionospheric electric field is relatively small within a short interval. Therefore, the increase of the ionospheric electric field is assumed to be caused solely by the increase of the IEF. In other words, the increase of the ionospheric electric field is the penetration electric field.
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