1. แนะนำการศึกษาได้กลายเป็น ส่วนสำคัญของชีวิตการศึกษาของเรา แตกต่างกันบนเว็บการเรียนรู้จัดการระบบ (LMS) ได้รับการพัฒนาเพื่อสนับสนุนผู้เรียนในกระบวนการเรียนรู้ วิธีเรียนรู้ก่อนหน้านี้ถูกจำกัดการเข้าถึงและการผสมกลมกลืนของความรู้ ระบบเว็บสนับสนุนอันมีค่าสำหรับการสื่อสารจะเผชิญหน้าเป็นวิธีการส่งผ่านวัสดุการเรียนรู้เพื่อศึกษาเองนักเรียนได้ เทคนิคการสอน [4], ซึ่งปรับปรุงการเรียนรู้สร้างความผูกพันอย่างมีประสิทธิภาพและผู้เรียนในการศึกษา และปรับปรุงเนื้อหาหลักสูตรผ่านรูปแบบนำเสนอที่ดี การใช้ชุดรูปแบบและ analogies เสนอแนวคิดหลักบางอย่าง เกมตามความท้าทายในการออกกำลังกาย การสร้าง และการจัดการเนื้อหาของหลักสูตรเอง และ disciplined ใช้วงจรชีวิตของกระบวนการสร้าง และปรับปรุงหลักสูตร เนื่องจากการเจริญเติบโตของการศึกษาในการศึกษาและฝึกอบรมขององค์กรภาค [7], สนใจในการตั้งค่าการจัดส่งเนื้อหาที่ใช้มัลติมีเดียสำหรับการส่งเข้า E-learning กว้างบรอดแบนด์ เครือข่ายมือถือ 3 G และ Wi-Fi ได้มาฟิลด์การศึกษาต่อการเรียนรู้ที่สมบูรณ์ แบบจำลองผู้ใช้ [21] มีบทบาทสำคัญในระบบการเรียนรู้ที่เหมาะสม ผู้ใช้โมเดลเป็นโมเดลของกระบวนการรับรู้ของผู้ใช้มนุษย์ และทักษะ และความรู้ declarative ใช้ผู้ใช้สร้างโมเดลใน hypermedia แบบอะแดปทีฟ เว็บส่วนบุคคล และการศึกษา เนื้อหาทั้งหมดในเอกสารมีการจัดระเบียบในลักษณะต่อไปนี้: 2 ส่วนคือสนทนาเกี่ยวกับวิธีการเรียนรู้ที่เหมาะสม 3 ส่วนเป็น 4 ส่วนและวิธีการตั้งค่าส่วนบุคคลสำหรับผู้ใช้ในสภาพแวดล้อมการเรียนรู้การสร้างโมเดล ส่วนสุดท้ายจะคุยเกี่ยวกับข้อสรุปและด้านในอนาคต 2. Adaptive Learning Approaches Adaptive learning is an educational method which uses computer as interactive teaching devices. There are two forms of adaptation [21]:- Adaptive presentation and Adaptive navigation: Adaptive presentation refers the educational material display according to student’s weaknesses, as indicated by their responses to questions which are based on educational material. Adaptive Navigation refers to manipulation of the links through link sorting, link hiding, disabling, removal, annotation, link generation, map adaptation and direct guidance. The various adaptive E-learning systems are: 2.1 Adaptation through intelligent tutoring systems Intelligent tutoring system (ITS) [1] is training software which incorporates expert systems in order to monitor the performance of a learner and to personalize instruction on the basis of adaptation to learner’s learning style, current knowledge level and appropriate teaching strategies in Elearning systems. Adaptive hypermedia. (AH) is another type of system which was also used in computer based instruction. After combining ITS and AH into adaptive intelligent tutoring system, the E-learning system becomes more adaptive. ITS assesses each learner’s action within these interactive environment and develop a model of their knowledge, skills and expertise. ITS system is composed of three type of knowledge, organized into four separate modules for e.g. expert model, learner model, instructional model and interface model as shown in fig.1. Fig. 1 Adaptive Intelligent Tutoring System [1] Expert Model: The Expert Model is a computer representation of a domain expert's subject matter knowledge (declarative knowledge) and problem-solving ability (procedural knowledge). This knowledge enables the ITS to compare the learner's actions and selections with those of an expert in order to evaluate what he or she does and does not know. Learner Model: Learner Model is a level of learner’s knowledge while he/she interacts with the tutoring system. The model evaluates each learner's performance from his/her behavior during interacting with the tutoring system in order to determine his or her knowledge, perceptual abilities, and reasoning skills. The model generate evidence and uses inference to provide a number of relevant instructions to individual learner. Instructional Model: Instructional Model contains knowledge for making decisions about instructional tactics. It relies on the diagnostic processes of the learner model for making decisions about what, when and how to present information to a leaner. Interface Model: Interface Model is important for a communication medium and learning environment that can support learner in a task. It can also act as an external representation of the expert model and instructional model. Adaptive hypermedia and intelligent tutoring system is used for E-learning systems to drive the connection and to personalize instruction on the basis of adaptation to learners learning style. ITS need to be designed and implemented to support modification of lecture content, the decision rules and the fact base of the expert model and the methods to measure performance of learning 2.2 Adaptation through Reflection Adaptive hypermedia systems [2] are the system that uses a user model and a concept model with in the learning environment to decide the content and type of navigation present. Adaptive hypermedia combines with user modeling. A learner in an adaptive educational hypermedia system is given a presentation, adapted specifically to his/her knowledge for the subject and is suggested for a set of most relevant links to proceed further. To develop the adaptive system at the cognitive model requires a good taxonomy of learning styles to classify user, develop techniques in such a way that are adequate for the selected learning styles and implementation of the designed adaptation using suitable technologies on a computer. In the selection of taxonomy of learning styles to classify the user, the user model has to be modeled with some parameters which can be determined by diagnosing the needs, interests, and difficulties of the user, and logically the system has to adapt accordingly. In order to get the classification of the user, some systems perform dynamic accommodations which analyze the individual behavior while interacting with the system in order to infer their learning style and accommodate to their needs.
Some systems use assessment tool to classify their learning styles. These tools can be questionnaires based on the different classifications of learning styles. In connection with the design of the adaptation, there are two different systems: Systems which uses learning styles to guide the design of the educational contents. They offer the users, the type of materials that are preferred by individuals classified in their specific learning style. Tangow, Inspire and Feijoo.net come under this category of systems. Other type of systems uses learning styles to guide the adaptation of the structure of the contents to the mental processes of each individual (particular styles of thinking, perceiving or remembering). AES-CS system is an example of this type of systems.
The standards are the instruments that give flexibility to the E-learning systems, in content as well as in structure. E-learning standards should also be used to support the pedagogical process. ADL (Advanced Distributed
Learning) SCORM is a set of specifications that apply to the development, packing, and delivery of educational materials and courses. IMS-LD adds new aspects related to communication and collaborative elements.
AJAX technology has been used to present and interact with the resources. AJAX relies on the reflection. When the software system runs them, the information in the Learning Object can be converted in run code through reflection. Reflection is defined as the capability of a computational system to reason about or act upon itself, adjusting itself to changing conditions. Reflection is also a mechanism that can facilitate the creation of rich interfaces and can also be used at the architectonic level to incorporate standards or guidelines of E-learning. This permits to achieve independence between representation and behavior. System with reflection is shown in fig. 2.
Fig. 2 System with Reflection [2] The mechanism of reflection makes it possible to establish new forms for presenting and interacting with educational resources, and also facilitates the incorporation of new standards of E-learning in the educational systems, because it associates different representations to a one specific content. 2.3 Adaptation through fuzzy user modeling Another approach is fuzzy user modeling [3] for an adaptive system which models the user knowledge (who the user is) and uses adaptation to adjust the method of teaching to the user (how to teach.). It also deals with uncertainty in the description of knowledge. It defines the adaptive system in three parts: user module, domain module, and adaptation module. To enable adaptation, the system has to be aware of the teaching domain, the individual users, and their knowledge; and has to monitor their learning progress. Domain model, shown in fig. 3 are the entire teaching domain is represented as a finite set of domain concepts. Learning dependencies between these concepts can be represented by the ordered prerequisite relation R. When two domain concepts are related (Ci(Ci) has to be known to understand the second one (Cj) or we can say that the concept Ci is a prerequisite of the concept Cj. These domain concepts forms an ordered acyclic graph described as GD = (C, R), where C is the set of domain concepts and R stands for prerequisite relation on the domain concept.
As the user model is an overlay over the domain model, the user knowledge is a subset of the domain knowledge. Then user knowledge of each domain concept can be described using a linguistic variable concept knowledge which takes three possible values: unknown, known and learned. The three fuzzy sets are represented with Cu, Ck, and Cl and their membership function with µu, µk, and µl respe
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