Table 3
Radiological findings
Visceral pleural white line Convexity towards hilum
Absence of lung markings Distal or peripheral to the visceral pleural white line
Displacement of mediastinum Towards opposite side
Deep sulcus sign[19] On frontal view, larger lateral costodiaphargmatic recess than on opposite side
Diaphragm may be inverted on side with deep sulcus
Total/subtotal lung collapse This is passive or compressive atelectasis
Radiographic signs in upright position
Sharp delineation of visceral pelural by dense pleural space
Mediastinal shift to opposite side
Air-fluid level in pleural space on erect chest radiograph
White margin of visceral pleura separated from parietal pleura
Usually seen in the apex of the lung
Absence of vascular markings beyond visceral pleural margin
May be accentuated by an expiratory film in which lung volume is reduced while amount of air in pneumothorax remains constrants so that relative size of pneumothorax appears to increase
Radiographic signs in supine position (difficult to see)
Anteromedial pneumothorax (earliest location)
Outline of medial diaphragm under cardiac silhouette
Deep sulcus sign