was measured using four items from Premkumar and
Ramamurthy (1995). Technology acceptance model scales
of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use were
measured using four items adapted from Davis (1989) and
Davis et al. (1989). Intention to use was measured using two
items from Azjen and Fishbein (1980). To measure panoptic
empowerment, 15 items of Sia et al. (2002) were used, and
for individual performance, two items of Goodhue and
Thompson (1995) were used. The operationalization of
each measure is provided in Appendix A.
Analysis and results
The data was analysed using the partial least squares (PLS),
a multivariate path analysis statistical technique developed
by Herman Wold (1982). Partial least squares involves two
stages: (a) assessment of the measurement model,
including the reliability and discriminant validity of the
measures, and (b) assessment of the structural model.
Measurement model
The strength of the measurement model can be demonstrated
through measures of convergent and discriminant
validity (Hair, Anderson, Tatham, & Black, 1998).
Convergent validity
Convergent validity was assessed by three criteria.
1. The standardized path loadings, which are indicators of
the degree of association between the underlying
latent factor and each item, and should be greater than