Certain aspects of the insecticidal efficacy of these fungi such as production, stability and
application have been optimized by nongenetic means. For instance, advances in production and formulation technologies have contributed substantially to the cost-effectiveness and viability
of mycoinsecticide as practical insect control agents. Optimization of entomopathogenic fungi by genetic engineering is limited due to lack of knowledge of molecular and biochemical bases for fungal pathogenesis, and the unavailability of good
cloning system for species other than deuteromycete fungi.