1. a Preoperative Phase
• Exercises and physical activities
- Deep-breathing exercises
- Coughing
- Incentive spirometry
- Turning
- Leg exercises
• Pain management
- Meaning of PRN orders for medications
- Timing for best effect of medications
- Splinting incision
- Nonpharmacologic pain management options
• Visit by anesthesiologist
• Physical preparation
- NPO
- Sleeping medication the night before
- Preoperative checklist (review items)
• Visitors and waiting room
• Transported to operating room by stretcher