Main outcome measure A composite primary outcome of perinatal
mortality and intrapartum related neonatal morbidities (stillbirth after start
of care in labour, early neonatal death, neonatal encephalopathy,
meconium aspiration syndrome, brachial plexus injury, fractured humerus,
or fractured clavicle) was used to compare outcomes by planned place
of birth at the start of care in labour (at home, freestanding midwifery
units, alongside midwifery units, and obstetric units).