The stability of nanofluids synthesized by dispersing
45-nm Al2O3, 60-nm ZnO, and 30-nm Fe2O3 nanoparticles
in double distilled water was investigated by Colangelo
et al. (2013). They inspected the settling of nanoparticles
inside the FPSC’s tubes and tested solutions to avoid this
phenomenon. Volume fractions of 1.0%, 2.0%, and 3.0%
and a flow rate of 1.2 l/min were used. The nanofluids were
prepared using an ultrasonic bath and a magnetic stirrer.