วิธีการการตั้งค่าและผู้เข้าร่วมOur study used a longitudinal pre- and post-TKA design that took advantage of the substantial differences in change for knee impairments and self-report physical function. The study involved 836 consecutive patients aged 50 years or older who underwent a primary TKA for knee OA performed by three high-volume surgeons at Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, from 3 January 2006 to 29 January 2009. To avoid potential confounding effects from a contralateral TKA operation, we excluded patients if they had a contralateral TKA within the 12 months before or 6 months after their index TKA (n = 152). We also excluded patients who (i) had a history of stroke or other neurological disorders (n = 30), (ii) had a history of lower limb fracture (n = 12), (iii) had previously undergone a hip arthroplasty or high tibial osteotomy (n = 26), (iv) had previously undergone a unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) on their index knee (n = 4), or (v) developed medical or surgical complications prior to the follow up session (n = 64). Finally, because this exploratory study is concerned with the effects of knee flexion contractures, we excluded patients with missing knee data (n = 48) and patients with knee hyperextension (extension ROM <0°) at the preoperative or follow-up assessment (n = 59). (The recruitment process is summarized in a flowchart in Additional file 1.) Thus, the sample for analysis comprised the remaining 441 patients who underwent a preoperative evaluation within 5 weeks prior to their operation. Of note, this sample size was not based on a formal power calculation but on all eligible patients in our database. Follow-up assessment was conducted approximately 6 months after the operation. All data were collected, as part of the clinical process, by physical therapists and entered into an electronic database per routine practice policies of our institution. All patients in this study were managed using a coordinated clinical pathway to ensure standardized medical, pharmacological, and rehabilitation care. Within two weeks post TKA, these patients began a 4- to 6-week rehabilitation program at the Singapore General Hospital outpatient physiotherapy clinic. The Centralized Institutional Review Board of Singhealth (CIRB), Singapore, approved the study and waived the need for informed consent due to the retrospective and anonymous nature of the study.
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