In recent years, H. avenae hasbecom

In recent years, H. avenae has
become a serious problem in China (Nicol et al., 2007; Li et al.,
2010). Since it was first reported in Hubei Province in 1989,
the nematode has been consecutively found in Hebei, Henan, Beijing,
Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Hubei, and Anhui, where
millions of hectares of wheat fields are infected annually, with
yield losses up to 50% (Peng et al., 2009; Yuan et al., 2010; Riley
et al., 2010), and in many cases it decreases grain quality