One-way analysis of variance was analyzed using the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis testMultiple tests between multiple groups were analyzed using Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. Differences were considered significantly different at p values < 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 8.0 software (GraphPad Software, USA). The composition and diversity of gut microorganisms were analyzed using the QIIME II platform and MicrobiomeAnalyst platform. Non-targeted metabolomics was analyzed using the MetaboAnalyst 5.0 platform. Differential intestinal microbial genera between groups were analyzed using the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) module of the Galaxy/Hutlab platform