• Self-directed TPD
Independent learning, sometimes initiated at the learner’s discretion, using available resources that may include computers and the Internet
Standardized TPD includes the Cascade model, frequently used in TPD programs that involve ICTs. In the Cascade model, one or two “champion” teachers at a school might attend centralized workshops to build computers skills or learn about integrating computers into teaching and learning. When they return to their schools, these champion teachers provide TPD to their colleagues that also builds computer use and integration skills.
Different approaches to TPD can complement each other, and can be implemented in a variety of forms, enabling TPD programs to grow to reach large numbers of teachers while supporting teachers in their efforts to improve student learning. However, site-based TPD, since it addresses locally based needs and reflects local conditions, should be the cornerstone of teacher development across the education system.
UNDERSTANDING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Teachers need a wide variety of ongoing opportunities to improve their skills. TPD (also known as “in service” or “teacher education”) is the instruction provided to teachers to promote their development in a certain area (e.g., technology, reading instruction, subject mastery, etc.). TPD is the tool by which policymakers’ visions for change are disseminated and conveyed to teachers. Though the recipient of TPD is the teacher, the ultimate intended beneficiary is the student. Consequently, professional development is often the most critical component of any ICT project.
Professional Development vs. Training
Professional development is much more than training, though technology training may be one part of TPD. Professional development—including the ongoing workshops, follow-up, study, reflections, observations and assessment that comprise TPD—accommodates teachers as learners, recognizes the long-term nature of learning, and utilizes methods that are likely to lead teachers to improve their practice as professionals.
Professional development takes many forms, such as: when teachers plan activities together; when a master teacher observes a young teacher and provides feedback; and when a team of teachers observes a video lesson and reflects on and discusses the lesson. These methods of TPD are all more effective models of teacher learning than simple training.