At low engine load, especially below 20%, the increase of MSP
results in late and incomplete combustion, which established the
partial burn bound. When the engine load is between 20% and
45% of full load and maximum MSP is over 70%, the misfire bound
is reached associated with alternating misfire and knock cycle after
cycle. At medium to high load, there is a sharp decrease of maximum
MSP with the increase of engine load because of roar combustion
and measured engine knock. In general, as the load increases, along
maximum MSP bound the characters of the combustion change
from partial burn to misfire to roar combustion and to knocking.
The range between these four bounds and the neat diesel combustion
bound is the viable operating range for DMDF combustion.