malate, formate, lactate, acetate, and succinate, however,
are all baseline resolved. The presence of acetate may
provide evidence of oxidation, while pyruvic acid is
present as an intermediate product in the conversion of
glucose to alcohol. Lactate is produced by lactic acid
bacteria that convert glucose and other sugars to lactic
acid, so it is kept to a minimum in most beers. A few
unidentified peaks are also resolved.