Hackfort and Schwenkmezger (1993)
defined self-talk as “an internal dialogue, [in which] the individual interprets feelings and perceptions, regulates and changes evaluations and convictions, and gives him/herself instructions and reinforcement” (p. 355).
Self talk is the talking of somebody to him/herself either by talking loudly or from inside; is the procedure of thoughts usually become unconsciously and affects emotions and athletes’ actions/behaviors (Morris & Andersen, 2007; Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2004;Johnson et al., 2004).
With regard to what kind of self-talk (internal or out-loud) could researchers used to their interventions, Ming and Martin, (1996) preferred external self-talk to ensure that self-talk cues were actually used.
In many studies participants have been advised to choice between internal and external selftalk (Harvey et al., 2002).