Pomegranate Phytochemical Extract. Standardized PE in capsule form was provided by Verdure Sciences (Noblesville, IN). The PE was high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-standardized using validated standards and methods to 37.5% of the major ellagitannins (gallic acid, punicalagin R, and punicalagin ) and approximately 2.7% of ellagic acid as shown in the HPLC-photodiode array profile previously reported (26).