One of the methods learners can become actively involved in controlling their own learning is by using strategies.
Vandergrift (1999) showed ―Strategy development is important for listening training because strategies are conscious
means by which learners can guide and evaluate their own comprehension and responses.‖ In O'Malley, Chamot,
Stewner-Manzanares, Kupper, and Russo‘s (1985) study, high school ESL students were randomly assigned to receive
learning strategy training on vocabulary, listening, and speaking tasks and the result indicated strategy training can be
effective for integrative language tasks.