The positive role of ICT in improving the overall performance, visibility and communication between multimodal transport operators has been recognised by many stakeholders, but there also exist many barriers to the adoption of ICT which vary from mode to mode ( Coronado et al., 2009 ) and company to company, especially between small and large enterprises ( Pokharel, 2005 ).
Based on the literature review, we identified several factors inhibiting ICT adoption according to their area of impact which can be classified into three categories following KOMODA (2009) : user-related, technology-related, and policy-related barriers ( Fig. 3 ).