work, the degree of uncertainty associated with the work, and the specific constraints inherent in the work (such as critical time demands, cost constraints, and so on). Since it's assumed that a primary (although not the only) reason for the organization's existence is to perform the task consistent with strategy, the task is the starting point for the analysis. As we will see, the assessment of the adequacy of other components depends to a large degree on an understanding of the nature ot- the tasks to be performed.
Formal organizational arrangements
Definition The basic and inher• The characteristics of The various structures, The emerging arrange-
ent work to be done individuals in the processes, methods, ments, including
by the organization organi:acion. and so on that are for- structures, processes,
and its parts. mally created to get individuals to perform tasks. relationships, and forth.
Critical l . The types of skill l. Knowledge and l. Organization l. Leader behavior.
features and knowledge skills individuals design, including 2. Intragroup rela•
for analysis demands the work have. grouping of func• tions.
poses. 2. Individual needs tions, structure of 3. Intergroup rela-
2. The types of and preferences. subunits, and coor- tions.
rewards the work can provide. 3. Perceptions and expectancies. dination and control mechanisms. 4.
Informal working arrangements.
3. The degree of 4. Background 2. Job design. 5. Communication
4. uncertainty associaced with the work. including such factors as interdependence, routineness, and so on.
The constraints on performance factors. 3.
4. Work environment.
Human resource management systems. and influence patterns.
demands inherent in the work (given a strategy).
A second component of organizations involves the individuals who perform organizational tasks. The issue here is identifying the nature and characteristics of the organization's employees (or members). The most critical aspects to consider include the nature of individual knowledge and skills, the different needs or preferences that