The "no significant differences" research is a topic of it own, too complex to be dealt with in a comprehensive fashion in this article. Suffice it to say that there are doubtless many reasons why research has failed to find an advantage for the use of information technology in teaching and learning. These reasons are both theoretical and methodological. Also, much of past research that compared student outcomes when technology is and is not employed was simplistic and amounts to asking whether mere exposure to technology is beneficial to students. We do not ask whether simply exposing children to books, teachers, or much of anything else in the educational environment will improve teaching and learning. Why then do we design studies in which the implicit assumption is that merely exposing children to technology, regardless of what that exposure entails, will facilitate learning? It seems clear that mere exposure to technology carries no particular benefit, and that it is how, not whether technology is used that is critical to student outcomes.