The trends in female labor supply are not as striking as those documented in the male
sample. The data generally suggest that female immigrants living in the less generous states
increased their labor supply relatively more, but the results are not very consistent. For
example, the labor force participation rate of non-citizen women rose by about 3 percentage
points regardless of the state where they lived. In contrast, annual hours of work of
non-citizen women rose by 10% if they lived in the more generous states and by 14% if
they lived in the less generous states. The discrepancy between the labor supply trends of
immigrant men and women may indicate the existence of spillover labor supply effects
within families (since typically only one family member needs to be covered by ESI), as
well as suggest the possibility that female labor force participation plays a different role in
native and immigrant families, a proposition that has not been sufficiently analyzed in the
existing literature.24