While Crain, Koptiuch, and Peters destabilize the spatial certainties inherent in notions of "locality'' and "community," George Bisharat, Karen Leonard, and Malkki underscore the contingent historicity of the imagining of place by migrants and refugees. Bisharat demonstrates how the longing for "home" has changed for Palestinian refugees living in camps in the West Bank. Whereas return was previously conceived concretely in terms of a return to specific villages and particular dwellings, the rhetoric of Palestinian refugees has shifted over time toward an emphasis on a collective national return to "the homeland" conceived more abstractly. The society they had to leave behind was one in which attachment to land and to villages of origin, identified by distinctive patterns of speech and intonation, was unusually strong. People continued to be identified into the next generation by "their" villages, and even today many families retain keys to homes that have long since been destroyed by the occupation. As the chances of return became more remote, memories of particular homes were displaced by the memory of the "homeland," an intensely romanticized place sometimes likened to a lost lover. The imagery of exile portrayed the alliance of Palestinian life with the land, with earth and the elements, while seeing the occupation as a perversion of nature and a deviation from history. Bisharat focuses not merely on the connections between enforced displacement and place making in the form of imagining "home" and "homeland" but also poignantly shows how memory itself is exiled and shaken loose as its physical embodiments are erased: when children of refugees are finally allowed to visit the villages that have been enshrined in their parents' memories, they see just shrubs and trees, "the villages and homes that once stood there having been systematically removed. In exile, there thus occurs a displacement of community, once understood as being rooted in particular localities, to the level of the nation. The connection of the idea of "community" to that of "locality" —a link that was once so strong — has now been sundered by the dual forces of memory and displacement.